Assembly of yield heterosis of an elite rice hybrid is promising by manipulating dominant quantitative trait loci

In the past, rice hybrids with strong heterosis have been obtained empirically, by developing and testing thousands of combinations. Here, we aimed to determine whether heterosis of an elite hybrid could be achieved by manipulating major quantitative trait loci. We used 202 chromosome segment substitution lines from the elite hybrid Shanyou 63 to evaluate single segment heterosis (SSH) of yield per plant and identify heterotic loci. All nine detected heterotic loci acted in a dominant fashion, and no SSH exhibited overdominance. Functional alleles of key yield-related genes Ghd7, Ghd7.1, Hd1, and GS3 were dispersed in both parents. No functional alleles of three investigated genes were expressed at higher levels in the hybrids than in the more desirable parents. A hybrid pyramiding eight heterotic loci in the female parent Zhenshan 97 background had a comparable yield to Shanyou 63 and much higher yield than Zhenshan 97. Five hybrids pyramiding eight or nine heterotic loci in the combined parental genome background showed similar yield performance to that of Shanyou 63. These results suggest that dominance underlying functional complementation is an important contributor to yield heterosis and that heterosis assembly might be successfully promised by manipulating several major dominant heterotic loci.     

韭菜化感物质草莓酸对香蕉枯萎病菌的影响

香蕉枯萎病主要由尖孢镰刀菌 4 号生理小种(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense,Foc4)引起的一种土传病害,严重威胁香蕉产业的可持续发展。为寻求一种经济有效且环保的防治措施,以韭菜化感物质的衍生物草莓酸(strawberry acid,SA)为材料,通过平板和盆栽实验,研究了SA对Foc4的菌丝生长、香蕉枯萎病病情指数、土壤微生物数量、土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:(1)随着SA浓度的增加,Foc4的菌落生长直径显著减小,第5天时菌落直径在SA浓度为300、450 μL·L^-1时比150 μL·L^-1分别减小了49.15%、70.89%; 液体培养条件下SA浓度为600 μL·L^-1时Foc4的分生孢子数量显著低于对照处理(相差 470 多倍); pH为5时SA对Foc4的抑制效果显著比pH为7和9时好。(2)随实验处理时间的延长,添加 SA后香蕉幼苗的病情指数显著低于对照。(3)土壤细菌、真菌数量和微生物总量在SA为600 μL·L^-1时均为最高; Foc4数量随SA浓度升高而降低,在1 200 μL·L^-1时显著降低。(4)各土壤酶在浓度(300～600 μL·L^-1)SA处理时活性较高; 1 200 μL·L^-1时显著降低,过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶较对照分别降低了41.88%、54.82%。(5)相关性分析得出,土壤微生物总量与细菌、真菌数量极显著正相关; 土壤真菌与放线菌显著负相关; 土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量均与蔗糖酶、多酚氧化酶显著正相关; 蔗糖酶与脲酶、过氧化氢酶与多酚氧化酶均显著正相关。综上认为,添加SA浓度为600 μL·L^-1能较好地抑制Foc4的菌丝生长且能提高其抑制率,病情指数明显降低,有利于改善香蕉的生长环境。该研究结果为有效利用SA防治香蕉枯萎病提供了科学依据。     

Multiple domains within the Cauliflower mosaic virus gene VI product interact with the full-length protein

The Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) gene VI product (P6) is a multifunctional protein essential for viral propagation. It is likely that at least some of these functions require P6 self-association. The work described here was performed to confirm that P6 self-associates and to identify domains involved in this interaction. Yeast two-hybrid analyses indicated that full-length P6 self-associates and that this interaction is specific. Additional analyses indicated that at least four independent domains bind to full-length P6. When a central domain (termed domain D3) was removed, these interactions were abolished. However, this deleted P6 was able to bind to the full-length wild-type protein and to isolated domain D3. Viruses lacking domain D3 were incapable of producing a systemic infection. Isolated domain D3 was capable of binding to at least two of the other domains but was unable to self-associate. This suggests that domain D3 facilitates P6 self-association by binding to the other domains but not itself. The presence of multiple domains involved in P6 self-association may help explain the ability of this protein to form the intracellular inclusions characteristic of caulimoviruses.     

几种灌木、半灌木对沙地土壤肥力影响机制的研究

研究了科尔沁地广泛分布的几种灌木和半灌木的“肥岛”和根际效应。结果表明,在灌丛下土壤有机C、全N和全P分别比灌丛间地高56％、51％和37％,土壤电导率（EC）提高了56％,但pH值并无明显变化;灌木根际土壤较非根际土壤有机C和全N分别高76％和54％,根际土壤pH降低0．19个单位,EC提高了2－3倍,但土壤全P并无显著变化,灌丛下土壤发和根际中土壤养分含量显著相关,表明丛肥岛的利于根系的生长,导致更多的根际沉积;而根系的活动又促进了肥岛的发育,灌丛对沙地土壤肥力的影响机制在于：灌丛对土壤风蚀物质、降尘和凋落物等的截获,形成灌丛“肥岛”;并通过发达的根系以根际沉积的形式向土壤输入大量的有机物质,从而使周围土壤的肥力性关得以改善。     

一种新的以细胞表面受体为靶向的基因导入系统

鉴于胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ号及Ⅱ号的受体 (IGFⅠR ,IGFⅡR)在人原发性肝癌中过量表达 ,以及表皮细胞生长因子受体 (EGFR)在多种人恶性肿瘤过量表达 ,设计和合成了针对IGFⅠR及IGFⅡR的 1 4肽E5和针对EGFR的 1 6肽GE7,以及流感病毒血凝素功能域 2 0肽HA2 0作为内吞小体释放寡肽 (Endosomereleasingoligopeptide,EOP) ,将它们分别与多聚阳离子多肽 (Polycationic polypeptide ,PCP)———多聚赖氨酸 (Polylysine ,PL)或鱼精蛋白 (Protamine,PA)共价连接 ,藉静电效应与DNA形成一个复合体 (E5 PCP/DNA/PCP HA2 0 ,GE7 PCP/DNA/PCP HA2 0 ) ,即构建的新的受体介导的靶向性非病毒型基因导入系统 .体内、外实验结果表明它们相对靶向且高效地将外源基因导入人恶性肿瘤细胞并得到预期表达     

不同粒径口蹄疫病毒样颗粒-ZIF-8复合物诱导小鼠的体液免疫效果分析

为进一步提高口蹄疫(foot-and-mouthdisease,FMD)病毒样颗粒(virus-likeparticles,VLPs)疫苗的免疫效果，本研究采用仿生矿化方法，将Zn2+和2-甲基咪唑按照不同浓度配比制备了不同粒径的FMDV VLPs-沸石咪唑骨架-8 (zeolitic imidazolate framework-8, ZIF-8)复合物，以探究尺寸效应对免疫效果的影响。结果显示，成功制备出3种不同粒径的FMDV VLPs-ZIF-8，粒径分别约为70、100、1 000 nm。细胞毒性和组织病理学试验表明，3种复合物均具有良好的生物安全性。小鼠免疫试验表明，3种复合物均能明显提高中和抗体和特异性抗体水平，并且随着复合物体积的减小，其免疫效果也随之增强。本研究表明，ZIF-8包封FMDV VLPs可显著增强其免疫效果，且具有尺寸依赖性。     

The regulatory network mediated by circadian clock genes is related to heterosis in rice

Exploitation of heterosis in rice(Oryza sativa L.) has contributed greatly to global food security.In this study,we generated three sets of reciprocal F1 hybrids of indica and japonica subspecies to evaluate the relationship between yield heterosis and the circadian clock.There were no differences in trait performance or heterosis between the reciprocal hybrids,indicating no maternal effects on heterosis.The indica-indica and indica-japonica reciprocal F1 hybrids exhibited pronounced heterosis for chlorophyll and starch content in leaves and for grain yield/biomass.In contrast,the japonica-japonica F1 hybrids showed low heterosis.The three circadian clock genes investigated expressed in an above-high-parent pattern(AHP)at seedling stage in all the hybrids.The five genes downstream of the circadian clock,and involved in chlorophyll and starch metabolic pathways,were expressed in AHP in hybrids with strong better-parent heterosis(BPH).Similarly,three of these Research Arfive genes in the japonica-japonica F1 hybrids showing low BPH were expressed in positive overdominance,but the other two genes were expressed in additive or negative overdominance.These results indicated that the expression patterns of circadian clock genes and their downstream genes are associated with heterosis,which suggests that the circadian rhythm pathway may be related to heterosis in rice.     

Surgical Complications of Primary Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment: A Meta-Analysis

Background

To investigate the surgical complications of scleral buckling (SB) and pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) performed on primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) and to discover which surgical procedures bring fewer complications.

Methods

An electronic literature search using the PubMed database, ISI Web of Knowledge and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials to identify randomized controlled trials and observational studies comparing SB with PPV on primary RRD. Outcome measures included intra-operative complications and early and late post-operative complications.

Results

During the operation, significantly less subretinal hemorrhage occurred in the PPV group than in the SB group (OR = 4.71; 95%CI, 1.33–16.64; p = 0.02) and the hypotony incidence was significantly higher in the SB group (OR = 18.24; 95%CI, 2.37–140.44; p = 0.005); however, the occurrence of iatrogenic breaks was significantly lower in the SB group (OR = 0.05; 95%CI, 0.01–0.21; p<0.0001). In the early stage of post-operation, significantly higher incidence of choroidal detachment was identified in the SB group than in the PPV group (OR = 10.19; 95%CI, 2.36–44.09; p = 0.002); patients undergoing SB had significantly higher odds of residual subretinal fluid (OR = 14.71; 95%CI, 1.84–117.32; p = 0.01); the occurrence of high intraocular pressure was significantly lower in the SB group (OR = 0.46; 95%CI, 0.23–0.89; p = 0.02); and no significant difference was shown in the incidence of epithelia defect (p = 0.37) between the two groups. In the late stage of post-operation, the incidence of diplopia/extraocular muscle dysfunction was significantly higher in the SB group (OR = 4.04; 95%CI, 1.30–12.52; p = 0.02); and significantly less cataract was observed in the SB group (OR = 0.20; 95%CI, 0.14–0.30; p<0.00001); no significant difference was found in the incidences of cystoid macular edema (p = 0.65), macular pucker (p = 0.52), post-operative proliferative vitreoretinopathy (p = 0.73) and epiretinal membrane (p = 0.47) in other late post-operative complications.

Conclusions

This meta-analysis suggests that PPV could be considered as potential surgical management on primary RRD.     

多巴胺能神经细胞损伤过程中NCAM-140的表达变化

目的:检测NCAM.140在多巴胺能神经细胞损伤过程中中脑黑质部位的表达变化,探索其在多巴胺能神经细胞损伤中的可能作用.方法:采用MPTP腹腔注射建立小鼠中脑黑质多巴胺能神经细胞慢性损伤模型,采用免疫荧光染色和westernblotting检测中脑黑质部酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)和NCAM-140的表达情况.结果:在小鼠中脑黑质一直有NCAM-140阳性细胞存在,且与TH阳性细胞共表达;TH在给予MPTP后第三周表达开始降低,NCAM-140在给予MPTP后第一周至第三周持续高表达,并且从第四周开始,其表达量明显降低.结论:NCAM-140的表达与多巴胺能神经细胞损伤有关.